Executives and other individuals across industries are often entitled to receive short-term or long-term compensation in the form of an annual bonus, a retention bonus, a long-term incentive or other combination of cash, stock, options, or comparable equity. This entitlement can stem from an offer letter, contract, compensation plan, or other agreement. Outten & Golden […]Melvin Capital, which met the ire of retail traders due to a publicly disclosed put position on the video-game retailer, posted losses of 39 percent in 2021, according to a person with knowledge ...Feb 1, 2023 · Base salaries still progress from $175K to $225K at most firms, so lower bonuses explain most of this. To give you a rough idea of the total compensation numbers across levels at the large banks, factoring in deal flow and ranking/performance differences: Associate 1: ~$235K to $350K. Associate 2: ~$285K to $400K. Nov 24, 2022 · The bonus differential increases with seniority. Six years in, bonuses for researchers at hedge funds increase to 215% of base, whereas at banks they top out at around 48%. The upshot is that at a researcher at a hedge fund with over six years' experience earns three times as much as a VP at an investment bank (£481k to £154k). In this video, I compare compensation for the buy side across venture capital, hedge fund and private equity jobs.🖥️Wall Street Prep🖥️ Use code RARELIQUID... Insider complied a list of 11 managers to know as the new year approaches. The list includes big-name managers, new launches, and under-the-radar funds. 2021 was a stressful year for hedge funds ...Dec 20, 2022 · The IDW Group founder and CEO Ilana Weinstein comments on the hedge fund talent war and says it is going to be a "really interesting year" for bonuses in 2023. She speaks with Sonali Basak and Kailey Leinz on Bloomberg Television. Nov 28, 2022 · These funds have generated robust returns, with the largest Composite fund returning an impressive 20.5% for the first eight months of 2022. Subscribe to newsletters Subscribe for $39.99/year The newly appointed chief executive officer of Sculptor Capital Management Inc. would almost certainly make around $100 million a year, they told the hedge fund’s board. And if results were good ...Net P&L before bonuses is $28MM. Overall bonus compensation is ~15% of the net P&L, so $4.2MM to be allocated. Team of four (two junior analysts, one senior analyst, one PM) Two junior analysts get ~$125K bonus (so all in comp around $250-300K) Senior analyst gets a $350K bonus (~$500K total comp) PM left with remaining $3.45MM for himself.Apr 27, 2019 · The 20% performance fee is used to reward the hedge fund’s key executives and portfolio managers. This bonus structure is what makes hedge fund managers some of the highest paid financial professionals. How the 20% Performance Fee is Calculated. The 20% performance fee is the biggest source of income for hedge funds. Nov 30, 2022 · The billionaire hedge fund manager Sir Chris Hohn paid himself a record-breaking $690m (£574m) this year after his Children’s Investment (TCI) fund recorded a a surge in profits.. The payout ... Total 2022 Comp (Base + Bonus): 750k (150 / 600) Total 2021 Comp: 1.1M. Notes: fund exp to be down 5-10% this year. YOE buyside: 13. strategy: multi asset/quant. 2022 comp: $5.5mm ($500k base / $5mm bonus)Nov 17, 2022 · Bonuses are expected to drop 15% to 20% in hedge funds, the firm wrote, though this may not be the case for all hedge funds. The outperformance of macro-strategy hedge funds in 2022 led Johnson Associates to predict incentive compensation for macro-strategies will be up 10% to 20% from 2021. Dec 2, 2022 · Top traders have alternatives: hedge funds like Verition Fund Management, Citadel, Millennium, Brevan Howard and Balyasny will be only too pleased to scoop up Goldman's disaffected traders. The exit of Anthony Dewell, Goldman's top oil trader, to Millennium in October stands as a warning: the best traders will expect to be paid. Dec 17, 2021 · The charts below show average salary plus bonus for key roles in hedge funds, plus the average number of hours worked. Clearly, the best job to have in a hedge fund is that of a portfolio manager, where not only will you earn the most money but you'll only work an average of a 45-hour week (some portfolio managers in our sample worked a lot ... Feb 14, 2023 · It would be why managing directors at Barclays and JPMorgan have been leaving for Millennium before bonuses have been paid. Of course, not everyone earns the huge amounts. Millennium doesn't disclose pay numbers globally, but at its London office in 2021, average compensation for non-partners was £903k ($1.1m) per head. Citadel, the hedge fund run started by Kenneth Griffin, posted $16 billion in profits in 2022, while the Nasdaq Composite and S&P 500 posted double-digit percentage losses in the same period of time. The days of eye-popping bonuses for bankers are coming to a screeching halt. Wall Street payouts are expected to plummet by as much as 45% as financiers face economic headwinds and a looming ...See full list on buysidehustle.com Most new analysts are one to three years out of banking. If you are at a decent sized fund ($500MM+), then you should get paid a $100-$150K base salary with a wide range for the bonus depending on the performance of the fund. All-in compensation for a hedge fund analyst with one to three years of banking experience is usually ~$200K to $300K ...Jul 22, 2022 · "A top BlackRock hedge fund has shifted its portfolio to put more bets on falling stock prices." Yahoo Finance. 2022. "Value Hedge Funds are Winning in 2022 Thanks to These 15 Stocks." CNBC. 2022. "Tiger Global drops 14% in May during the tech sell-off, pushing hedge fund’s 2022 losses to over 50%." AEI. 2021. Observations. Base Salary: Most top Private Equity Associates are going to make between $125k and $145k for their base salary. This is what goes into your bi-weekly paycheck. Bonus: The bonus is a lot harder to standardize, but from my personal experience and that of my peers, the bonus range is typically around 150-200% of the base salary ... Apr 14, 2023 · In hedge funds, the fund size and performance are the main determinants of bonuses. As a result, they can range from nothing at all to enormous multiples of the base pay. For instance, $1bn AUM would fetch the portfolio manager a base salary of around $250,000 with a bonus between $500k and $3mn based on performance. Financial News notes that Goldman Sachs cut its accrued spending on compensation per head in London from $644k for the first six months of 2021 to just $265k for the same period of 2022. It's tempting to think this is the result of terrible bonuses to come for people in Goldman's London investment banking division, but this seems unlikely.Oct 24, 2019 · And then you have quant funds giving "400k" offers to kids out of undergrad to be competitive with FAANG, and people assume that's annualized + increasing, when in reality it looks more like 150 base + 150 first year bonus + 100 signing bonus, which immediately falls down to 150 base + no guarantees after your first year. Nov 24, 2022 · The bonus differential increases with seniority. Six years in, bonuses for researchers at hedge funds increase to 215% of base, whereas at banks they top out at around 48%. The upshot is that at a researcher at a hedge fund with over six years' experience earns three times as much as a VP at an investment bank (£481k to £154k). Top portfolio managers can now rake in over $10 million in sign-on bonuses at large multi-manager funds. In a race to attract and retain talent, hedge funds have begun to ramp up sign-on...Average Bonus: 55.0k. Total average compensation: 180.0k. All compensation data is courtesy of the 2018 Wall Street Oasis Hedge Fund Industry Report. Averages are calculated using compensation data from 79 different funds. Bayesian Statistics were used to account for standard deviation in rankings.Citadel has turned a million dollars into about $236 million since its start in Nov. 1990. By contrast, $1m invested in the HFRI Fund Weighted Composite Index at the start of 1990, when the ...Jan 11, 2023 · Equity hedge funds, where the bulk of the industry's roughly $3.7 trillion in assets are invested, however fared worse with a 10.4% loss, according to HFR data. Last year, about half of the respondents in the Hedge Fund Compensation Report study reported making between $100,000 and $300,000. Less than 10 percent reported earning more than $1 million in cash compensation. So, most hedge fund professionals can expect to earn lower, but consistent, bonus pay.Feb 22, 2021 · The 25 highest-paid hedge fund managers made a record $32 billion in 2020, up more than 50% over 2019, according to Institutional Investor’s Rich List. A total of 15 hedge fund managers made $1 ... These funds have generated robust returns, with the largest Composite fund returning an impressive 20.5% for the first eight months of 2022. Subscribe to newsletters Subscribe for $39.99/yearThey got a backstop of $1 billion to help them get a return of more than 11%. But the $4 billion they’re contributing is over a six-year period that’s locked up, and it’s a much larger sum ...Jul 11, 2022 · “If you lose $10m in bank, you go back to zero the next year, and you can get a bonus again,” he says. In hedge funds, losses linger. After multi-strategy hedge funds hired record numbers of bank traders last year, Donnelly wrote a popular piece in June 2021 titled ‘Day One Advice for Hedge Fund Portfolio Managers’. This included some ... I started working at a small hedge fund($75M AUM) earlier this year. They had $200M AUM last year but lost 23% in 2018 so a bunch of clients left. I was hired to bring a new perspective to the entire operation. They used to be a Long/Short Equities Hedge Fund with the typical 70% long 30% Short structure which hasn't worked well for years.Dec 12, 2022 · This year, one oil trader scored a $5 million signing bonus after joining a multi-strategy hedge fund. It’s far from the only massive number. Signing bonuses in the $1 million to $5 million ... Nov 28, 2022 · These funds have generated robust returns, with the largest Composite fund returning an impressive 20.5% for the first eight months of 2022. Subscribe to newsletters Subscribe for $39.99/year The GP also earns back its initial $50 million investment. There are now $1.5 billion – $446 million – $111 million = $943 million in remaining proceeds from the investment profits. These are split 80 / 20 between the LPs and GP, so the LPs earn $754 million, and the GP earns $189 million.Projected 2021 bonuses on Wall Street. This year’s expected increases are the largest since 2009, when several business areas were projected to receive bonuses that were 30% to 60% higher than ...“If you lose $10m in bank, you go back to zero the next year, and you can get a bonus again,” he says. In hedge funds, losses linger. After multi-strategy hedge funds hired record numbers of bank traders last year, Donnelly wrote a popular piece in June 2021 titled ‘Day One Advice for Hedge Fund Portfolio Managers’. This included some ...Millennium Management is an investment management firm with a multistrategy hedge fund offering. It is one of the world's largest alternative asset management firms with over $58.9 billion assets under management as of June 2023. The firm operates in America, Europe and Asia.The $4-trilion community saw total capital inflows of $19.8 billion during the first three months of 2022, the highest quarterly inflow since the second quarter of 2015, according to hedge fund ...Melvin Capital, which met the ire of retail traders due to a publicly disclosed put position on the video-game retailer, posted losses of 39 percent in 2021, according to a person with knowledge ...Dec 17, 2021 · The charts below show average salary plus bonus for key roles in hedge funds, plus the average number of hours worked. Clearly, the best job to have in a hedge fund is that of a portfolio manager, where not only will you earn the most money but you'll only work an average of a 45-hour week (some portfolio managers in our sample worked a lot ... Hedge fund analysts and researchers: Analysts spend their days poring over the financials of the companies and financial products hedge funds invest in. They help determine the fund’s investment strategy. Hedge fund traders: You might think being a trader in a hedge fund is the most exciting job there is. You may well be wrong.July 5, 2022 at 12:36 PM PDT. Listen. 1:35. This article is for subscribers only. Bridgewater Associates posted a 32% return for its flagship hedge fund through the first half of 2022 as it ...Private Equity vs. Investment Banking compensation. Due to differences in work and the compensation mechanics, PE firms pay analysts around 30% less in salaries than investment banks. An IB analyst typically earns a total of $150,000 to $200,000, while a PE analyst usually earns $100,000 to $150,000 on average.July 5, 2022 at 12:36 PM PDT. Listen. 1:35. This article is for subscribers only. Bridgewater Associates posted a 32% return for its flagship hedge fund through the first half of 2022 as it ...The GP also earns back its initial $50 million investment. There are now $1.5 billion – $446 million – $111 million = $943 million in remaining proceeds from the investment profits. These are split 80 / 20 between the LPs and GP, so the LPs earn $754 million, and the GP earns $189 million.Jun 2, 2022 · By adding the incentives, it goes up to 200,000 to 40,000 U.S. dollars. Quantitative researchers with experience of 5 to 10 years get a basic salary of 175,000 to 250,000 U.S. dollars. By adding a bonus, it goes up to 300,000 to 550,000 U.S. dollars. A quant strategist gets a salary of 225,000 to 400,000 U.S. dollars altogether. Total 2022 Comp (Base + Bonus): 750k (150 / 600) Total 2021 Comp: 1.1M. Notes: fund exp to be down 5-10% this year. YOE buyside: 13. strategy: multi asset/quant. 2022 comp: $5.5mm ($500k base / $5mm bonus)Hedge Fund Investor Letters Q4 2022. Published on April 9, 2023 at 8:41 pm by Jose Karlo Mari Tottoc in Hedge Fund Investor Letters, News. Share Tweet Email. We will be sharing Q4 2022 hedge fund ...Insider complied a list of 11 managers to know as the new year approaches. The list includes big-name managers, new launches, and under-the-radar funds. 2021 was a stressful year for hedge funds ...They got a backstop of $1 billion to help them get a return of more than 11%. But the $4 billion they’re contributing is over a six-year period that’s locked up, and it’s a much larger sum ...Nov 8, 2022 · Proskauer, a leading international law firm, today released its 2022 Annual Review. The report provides a summary of significant changes and developments in the hedge fund and private equity industries from the past year. It also includes recommended practices that investment advisers should con... Jan 18, 2022 · For first-year analysts, average compensation (salary plus bonus) has gone from $125,000 in 2019 to $142,000 in 2022, a nearly 14% increase. You can see the comparative salary trends in the two charts below, 2018’s on top, 2022’s below. 2018 Bulge Bracket Bank average compensation. Source: Wall Street Oasis 2018 Investment Banking Industry ... Jul 11, 2022 · “If you lose $10m in bank, you go back to zero the next year, and you can get a bonus again,” he says. In hedge funds, losses linger. After multi-strategy hedge funds hired record numbers of bank traders last year, Donnelly wrote a popular piece in June 2021 titled ‘Day One Advice for Hedge Fund Portfolio Managers’. This included some ... Jul 5, 2023 · Net P&L before bonuses is $28MM. Overall bonus compensation is ~15% of the net P&L, so $4.2MM to be allocated. Team of four (two junior analysts, one senior analyst, one PM) Two junior analysts get ~$125K bonus (so all in comp around $250-300K) Senior analyst gets a $350K bonus (~$500K total comp) PM left with remaining $3.45MM for himself. Proskauer, a leading international law firm, today released its 2022 Annual Review. The report provides a summary of significant changes and developments in the hedge fund and private equity industries from the past year. It also includes recommended practices that investment advisers should con...Nov 28, 2022 · These funds have generated robust returns, with the largest Composite fund returning an impressive 20.5% for the first eight months of 2022. Subscribe to newsletters Subscribe for $39.99/year Projected 2021 bonuses on Wall Street. This year’s expected increases are the largest since 2009, when several business areas were projected to receive bonuses that were 30% to 60% higher than ...Aug 4, 2022 · Johnson Associates have today updated their predictions for banking bonuses in 2022. While sales and trading bonuses are still looking good, the outlook for M&A bonuses has worsened. In May, Johnson thought they'd be down 15% to 20%. Now, a 20% to 25% drop is seen as more likely. The chart below shows Johnson Associate's changing prognostication. Centerview's second year analysts, for example, earned $310k according to Litquidity's reckoning; Goldman's earned $220k. Centerview's first year associates were on $580k; Goldman's were on $400k. Admittedly, this may be because Goldman's first year associates have a year's less experience. But for third year associates, there's still a $180k gap.Research Associate in HF - Event. Guess it's almost that time of year where #'s are getting communicated. Share below (if possible in below format). I'll get it started: YoE (since Grad / on Buyside ): 8 / 6. Strategy: Credit/Event. Total 2022 Comp (Base + Bonus): 750k (150 / 600) Total 2021 Comp: 1.1M. Notes: fund exp to be down 5-10% this year.Proskauer, a leading international law firm, today released its 2022 Annual Review. The report provides a summary of significant changes and developments in the hedge fund and private equity industries from the past year. It also includes recommended practices that investment advisers should con...Total 2022 Comp (Base + Bonus): 750k (150 / 600) Total 2021 Comp: 1.1M. Notes: fund exp to be down 5-10% this year. YOE buyside: 13. strategy: multi asset/quant. 2022 comp: $5.5mm ($500k base / $5mm bonus)Strategy YOE in HF YOE in IB/PE Base + Bonus and bonus ... 2021/2022 Hedge Fund Comp. HF. Analyst ... My main career goal is to work for a macro hedge fund and I was ...Financial News notes that Goldman Sachs cut its accrued spending on compensation per head in London from $644k for the first six months of 2021 to just $265k for the same period of 2022. It's tempting to think this is the result of terrible bonuses to come for people in Goldman's London investment banking division, but this seems unlikely.VP2 - Modest increase in base + bonus; accruing carry at 50bps in Fund I. VP3 - Modest increase in base + bonus; accruing carry at 50bps in Fund I. Pr1 - Promotion; big increase base + bonus; Fund I starts paying carry ($75K); still accruing carry at 50bps in Fund I and offered 125bps in soon-to-be-raised Fund II. Pr2 - Modest increase base ... Jan 11, 2023 · Equity hedge funds, where the bulk of the industry's roughly $3.7 trillion in assets are invested, however fared worse with a 10.4% loss, according to HFR data. Oct 20, 2022 · That's bad news for the young hedge fund quant developers who've got used to earning enormous money. Salaries may remain at $200k. Those $400k bonuses could prove transient. Wagner says recent pay rises for hedge fund quant developers were “unusual” and “unsustainable”, and fanned by a rising stock market, increased venture capital ... And then you have quant funds giving "400k" offers to kids out of undergrad to be competitive with FAANG, and people assume that's annualized + increasing, when in reality it looks more like 150 base + 150 first year bonus + 100 signing bonus, which immediately falls down to 150 base + no guarantees after your first year.Observations. Base Salary: Most top Private Equity Associates are going to make between $125k and $145k for their base salary. This is what goes into your bi-weekly paycheck. Bonus: The bonus is a lot harder to standardize, but from my personal experience and that of my peers, the bonus range is typically around 150-200% of the base salary ...The charts below show average salary plus bonus for key roles in hedge funds, plus the average number of hours worked. Clearly, the best job to have in a hedge fund is that of a portfolio manager, where not only will you earn the most money but you'll only work an average of a 45-hour week (some portfolio managers in our sample worked a lot ...Largest Hedge Funds 2022/2023. This list shows the largest hedge funds by their estimated AUM (assets under management) according to their 13F filings with the SEC. Support Us. Research Associate in HF - Event. Guess it's almost that time of year where #'s are getting communicated. Share below (if possible in below format). I'll get it started: YoE (since Grad / on Buyside ): 8 / 6. Strategy: Credit/Event. Total 2022 Comp (Base + Bonus): 750k (150 / 600) Total 2021 Comp: 1.1M. Notes: fund exp to be down 5-10% this year.For first-year analysts, average compensation (salary plus bonus) has gone from $125,000 in 2019 to $142,000 in 2022, a nearly 14% increase. You can see the comparative salary trends in the two charts below, 2018’s on top, 2022’s below. 2018 Bulge Bracket Bank average compensation. Source: Wall Street Oasis 2018 Investment Banking Industry ...Oct 20, 2022 · That's bad news for the young hedge fund quant developers who've got used to earning enormous money. Salaries may remain at $200k. Those $400k bonuses could prove transient. Wagner says recent pay rises for hedge fund quant developers were “unusual” and “unsustainable”, and fanned by a rising stock market, increased venture capital ... Haidar personally raked in $859 million in 2022, placing him sixth on Bloomberg’s annual ranking of top-earning hedge fund managers. He’s the newest and least-known name on a list otherwise ...Jul 14, 2023 · In 2022, Citadel's flagship Wellington fund surged 38% in a bear market, posting its best year on record. The Wellington fund has reportedly followed that performance up with a 7.2% gain in the ... The bonus differential increases with seniority. Six years in, bonuses for researchers at hedge funds increase to 215% of base, whereas at banks they top out at around 48%. The upshot is that at a researcher at a hedge fund with over six years' experience earns three times as much as a VP at an investment bank (£481k to £154k).Projected 2021 bonuses on Wall Street. This year’s expected increases are the largest since 2009, when several business areas were projected to receive bonuses that were 30% to 60% higher than ...
Hedge funds are giving New York City their seal of approval. Citadel is getting a new office at 425 Park Avenue and Steve Keller, Millennium's EMEA head of business development, has posted some very enthusiastic observations about the city on LinkedIn following a Millennium "on-site" for the fund's "collective" global teams at its head office.. Hoover
Jun 2, 2022 · By adding the incentives, it goes up to 200,000 to 40,000 U.S. dollars. Quantitative researchers with experience of 5 to 10 years get a basic salary of 175,000 to 250,000 U.S. dollars. By adding a bonus, it goes up to 300,000 to 550,000 U.S. dollars. A quant strategist gets a salary of 225,000 to 400,000 U.S. dollars altogether. Jan 5, 2022 · Melvin Capital, which met the ire of retail traders due to a publicly disclosed put position on the video-game retailer, posted losses of 39 percent in 2021, according to a person with knowledge ... The bonus pool at some of Wall Street’s largest banks — Goldman, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley and Barclays — is expected to drop 30 to 50 percent from last year.Here’s a list of the largest hedge fund managers in the United States. 1. BlackRock. BlackRock is a well-respected giant in the world of hedge funds, often talked about on the world’s leading financial media, and founded by moguls including Larry Fink, Susan Wagner, Robert S. Kapito, and others. The hedge fund firm has grown to become so ...The GP also earns back its initial $50 million investment. There are now $1.5 billion – $446 million – $111 million = $943 million in remaining proceeds from the investment profits. These are split 80 / 20 between the LPs and GP, so the LPs earn $754 million, and the GP earns $189 million.The charts below show average salary plus bonus for key roles in hedge funds, plus the average number of hours worked. Clearly, the best job to have in a hedge fund is that of a portfolio manager, where not only will you earn the most money but you'll only work an average of a 45-hour week (some portfolio managers in our sample worked a lot ...The bonus pool at some of Wall Street’s largest banks — Goldman, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley and Barclays — is expected to drop 30 to 50 percent from last year.By adding the incentives, it goes up to 200,000 to 40,000 U.S. dollars. Quantitative researchers with experience of 5 to 10 years get a basic salary of 175,000 to 250,000 U.S. dollars. By adding a bonus, it goes up to 300,000 to 550,000 U.S. dollars. A quant strategist gets a salary of 225,000 to 400,000 U.S. dollars altogether.The bonus pool at some of Wall Street’s largest banks — Goldman, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley and Barclays — is expected to drop 30 to 50 percent from last year.Nov 8, 2022 · Proskauer, a leading international law firm, today released its 2022 Annual Review. The report provides a summary of significant changes and developments in the hedge fund and private equity industries from the past year. It also includes recommended practices that investment advisers should con... The 20% performance fee is used to reward the hedge fund’s key executives and portfolio managers. This bonus structure is what makes hedge fund managers some of the highest paid financial professionals. How the 20% Performance Fee is Calculated. The 20% performance fee is the biggest source of income for hedge funds.Last year, about half of the respondents in the Hedge Fund Compensation Report study reported making between $100,000 and $300,000. Less than 10 percent reported earning more than $1 million in cash compensation. So, most hedge fund professionals can expect to earn lower, but consistent, bonus pay.Greenwich, CT Based Hedge Fund Hiring a Senior Fund Accountant – $125,000 Base Salary + Bonus: 1: 2$100000 - $150000: 302/14/2023: Management Company Controller – $40B AUM Private Equity Fund – $200,000 Base Salary + Bonus: 1: 2$250000 + 301/25/2023: Treasury Associate Role – $40B AUM Hedge Fund – $125,000 Base Salary + Bonus: 1: 2 ... See full list on buysidehustle.com Executives and other individuals across industries are often entitled to receive short-term or long-term compensation in the form of an annual bonus, a retention bonus, a long-term incentive or other combination of cash, stock, options, or comparable equity. This entitlement can stem from an offer letter, contract, compensation plan, or other agreement. Outten & Golden […]December 20th, 2022, 2:03 PM PST. The IDW Group founder and CEO Ilana Weinstein comments on the hedge fund talent war and says it is going to be a "really interesting year" for bonuses in 2023 ...I started working at a small hedge fund($75M AUM) earlier this year. They had $200M AUM last year but lost 23% in 2018 so a bunch of clients left. I was hired to bring a new perspective to the entire operation. They used to be a Long/Short Equities Hedge Fund with the typical 70% long 30% Short structure which hasn't worked well for years.Mar 30, 2023 · Bonuses for Wall Street workers fell 26 percent in 2022, as a slowdown in deal-making cast a chill on the industry after a surge in previous years. ... A select few high-performing hedge fund ... .